Definition and Source of Direct Current Power
Direct Current Electricity: Understanding, And Sources With Complete Examples of Problems
Electricity comes from the word electron, which means amber. If an amber is rubbed with silk cloth, it will be able to pull light objects such as paper scrap. From this it is said the amber is electrically charged.
The charge is the basic characteristic of all the constituents of matter. Substances are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. Electrons have negative charges and protons have positive charges. The amount of electric charge (denoted by Q) possessed by an object, simply shows how less or more the number of negative charges compared to the number of positive charges.
Understanding Direct Current Electricity
Direct electric current (Direct Current or DC) is the flow of electrons from a point with high potential energy to another point with lower potential energy.
Direct current was once thought to be a positive current flowing from the positive end of the source of electric current to the negative end. More recent observations have found that actual direct current is a negative current (electron) that flows from the negative pole to the positive pole. This flow of electrons causes positively charged holes, which "seem" to flow from the positive pole to the negative pole.
An example of the use of direct current electricity is the distribution of the first commercial electric power (made by Thomas Alfa Edison in the late 19th century) using direct current electricity. The world's first commercial generator also uses direct current electricity.
In 1883, Nicola Tesla was awarded a patent for his invention, the alternating current of many phases. In May 1883 he delivered a classic lecture to The American Institute of Electrical Engineers: "A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers."
Because alternating current electricity is easier to use than direct current electricity for transmission and distribution of electric power, today almost all electric power transmissions use alternating current electricity.
Even so, at the first launch of alternating electric current, direct current is still used. Some even do not want to accept alternating current.
With the development of current electronic technology, direct current electricity (DC) can be generated by changing alternating current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) using a device called a Power Supply or Adapter.
As the basis of the Power Supply circuit is a diode component that can function as a rectifier, meaning that it can change and direct alternating current (AC) into Direct Current (DC).
Electric symptoms
Coulomb's Law
Understanding electric charge shows that the charge does not spread to a particular area but rather gather in one point. In 1785 Charles Coulomb conducted the first study of the force exerted by two charged objects with an instrument called the coulomb twisting balance.
Coulomb twisting balance
From the results of these experiments, Coulomb concluded:
The magnitude of the interaction force between two electrically charged point objects is directly proportional to the multiplication between each charge and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two point charges.
Large interaction force in mathematical equations
Interaction style between loads
it was concluded that the existence of coulomb forces on the + Q and + q charges, in that space there is an electric field. For the -Q charge and put the + q test load, there will be a coulomb force that is tugging between the two charges.
Difference Between Direct Current and Alternating Current
The most fundamental difference from direct current and alternating current is located in the direction of the current. The direction of the direct current flows in one direction while the direction of the alternating current flows in two directions.
The form of direct current (AC) is a straight graph (the voltage is fixed with time). Graphical form of alternating current is siusoidal which means the voltage changes with time.
Direct electric voltage produces a small electrical voltage so that it can only be used on electronic devices that require small electrical energy. The alternating voltage produces a large voltage so that it can be used for electronic devices that require large electrical energy.
Direct current source of electricity from PLN. DC source from dry batteries and batteries.
Examples of Direct Current Power Problems
10 pieces of electrical resistance arranged as shown below! Each obstacle is identical and the magnitude is 120 Ω.
Determine the replacement resistance (total resistance) between points A and B from the circuit image above!
Discussion
The parallel between R2 and R3 is named R23 of 60 Ω
The parallel between R4, R5 and R6 is called R46 of 40 Ω
The parallel between R7, R8, R9 and R10 is called R710 at 30 Ω
Series between R1, R23, R46 and R710 produces RAB
RAB = 120 + 60 + 40 + 30 = 250 Ω
So, the replacement resistance (total resistance) between points A and B is 250 Ω
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Thermoelement is a Direct Current Source of Electricity
Thermoelement is a Direct Current Source of Electricity
Other examples such as battery stones used in cellphones (laptops), laptops, cameras, emergency lights etc.
1. Direct Current Generator
Direct current generator is a device used to convert motion energy (mechanical) into electrical energy with direct current. DC generators can be divided into several types based on a series of magnetic winding or amplifier excitation of the anchor (anker), the type of DC generator, namely:
Separate amplifier generator
Shunt Generator
Compound generator
The DC generator consists of two parts, the first being the stator, the silent DC engine part, and the second, the rotor part, the rotating DC engine part. The stator part consists of: the motor frame, stator winding, charcoal brush, bearing and terminal box.
While the rotor part consists of: commutator, rotor winding, rotor fan and rotor shaft.
The working principle of this generator is electromagnetic induction (changes in the magnetic field that occur in a coil of wire resulting in an electric current).
Induction voltage generation by a generator is obtained in two ways:
by using a drag-ring, it produces alternating induced voltages.
by using a commutator, produces a DC voltage.
2. Termoelemen
Thermoelement is a direct current source of electricity from processes that occur due to temperature differences. Termoelemen convert heat energy into electrical energy. This event was stated by Thomas John Seebach in 1826.
The current generated from this event is called termoelement. The greater the temperature difference between A and B, the greater the current flowing. However, because the current generated is relatively small, termoelemen cannot be utilized in everyday life.
3. Solar Cells
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are semiconductor devices consisting of a large region of diode p-j junctions, where, in the presence of sunlight, they are able to create useful electrical energy. This change is called the photovoltaic effect. The field of research related to solar cells is known as photovoltaics.
Solar cells have many applications. They are especially suitable for use when electricity from the grid is not available, such as in remote areas, earth orbiting satellites, hand-held calculators, water pumps, etc. Solar cells (in the form of modules or solar panels) can be installed on the roof of the building where they are connected to the inverter to the electricity grid in a net metering arrangement. The principle works as follows.
If the aluminum foil plate is exposed to sunlight, the aluminum plate will heat up and be passed on to the silicon plate. Silicon is semiconductor, so that at high temperatures, the electrons will be detached and attached to the aluminum foil and positive charges attached to the iron foil. If the two foils are connected through an external circuit, they will cause an electron flow. This is because in the two foils, there is a potential difference. The potential raised by solar cells is so small that it requires a lot of cells. Solar cells are also too expensive so that their use is very limited to certain tools.
The size of the current is very dependent on the intensity of the light penetrating the plate, the number of cells present, and the cross-sectional area affected by the light. Examples of goods that have used solar power are, solar electric cars and energy sources on satellites.
Other examples such as battery stones used in cellphones (laptops), laptops, cameras, emergency lights etc.
1. Direct Current Generator
Direct current generator is a device used to convert motion energy (mechanical) into electrical energy with direct current. DC generators can be divided into several types based on a series of magnetic winding or amplifier excitation of the anchor (anker), the type of DC generator, namely:
Separate amplifier generator
Shunt Generator
Compound generator
The DC generator consists of two parts, the first being the stator, the silent DC engine part, and the second, the rotor part, the rotating DC engine part. The stator part consists of: the motor frame, stator winding, charcoal brush, bearing and terminal box.
While the rotor part consists of: commutator, rotor winding, rotor fan and rotor shaft.
The working principle of this generator is electromagnetic induction (changes in the magnetic field that occur in a coil of wire resulting in an electric current).
Induction voltage generation by a generator is obtained in two ways:
by using a drag-ring, it produces alternating induced voltages.
by using a commutator, produces a DC voltage.
2. Termoelemen
Thermoelement is a direct current source of electricity from processes that occur due to temperature differences. Termoelemen convert heat energy into electrical energy. This event was stated by Thomas John Seebach in 1826.
The current generated from this event is called termoelement. The greater the temperature difference between A and B, the greater the current flowing. However, because the current generated is relatively small, termoelemen cannot be utilized in everyday life.
3. Solar Cells
Solar cells, or photovoltaic cells, are semiconductor devices consisting of a large region of diode p-j junctions, where, in the presence of sunlight, they are able to create useful electrical energy. This change is called the photovoltaic effect. The field of research related to solar cells is known as photovoltaics.
Solar cells have many applications. They are especially suitable for use when electricity from the grid is not available, such as in remote areas, earth orbiting satellites, hand-held calculators, water pumps, etc. Solar cells (in the form of modules or solar panels) can be installed on the roof of the building where they are connected to the inverter to the electricity grid in a net metering arrangement. The principle works as follows.
If the aluminum foil plate is exposed to sunlight, the aluminum plate will heat up and be passed on to the silicon plate. Silicon is semiconductor, so that at high temperatures, the electrons will be detached and attached to the aluminum foil and positive charges attached to the iron foil. If the two foils are connected through an external circuit, they will cause an electron flow. This is because in the two foils, there is a potential difference. The potential raised by solar cells is so small that it requires a lot of cells. Solar cells are also too expensive so that their use is very limited to certain tools.
The size of the current is very dependent on the intensity of the light penetrating the plate, the number of cells present, and the cross-sectional area affected by the light. Examples of goods that have used solar power are, solar electric cars and energy sources on satellites.
Source of Electric Flow
Source of Electric Flow
All sources of electricity that can generate a constant current of electricity at a particular time and direction are called one-way power sources. The current source of electricity is divided into four types.
1. Electrochemical Elements
The electrochemical element is the source of the current flow from the chemical process. In this element there is a transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrochemical element can be distinguished by its length of use as follows.
a. Primary Element
Primary elements are direct current power sources that require replacement of materials after use. Examples of primary elements are as follows:
The voltaic element is a kind of ancient battery created by Alesandro Volta .. The voltaic element is still applied today. Although the shape has been modified. The voltaic element consists of 2 electrodes of different metals which are dipped in an acidic liquid or a salt solution. In ancient times, acid or salt liquid in the form of cloth dipped in a salt / acid solution.
The inventor of the daniel element is John Frederic Daniell. The Daniell element is an element whose electromotive force is rather prolonged due to a depolarisator. Depolarisator is a substance that can inhibit the polarization of hydrogen gas. The depolarisator in this element is a copper (sulfate) solution.
There are two types of Leclanche elements, namely dry and wet elements, consisting of two glass vessels containing:
carbon sticks as a positive pole (anode)
zinc rod as negative pole (cathode)
Batu kawi as depolarisator
ammonium chloride solution as an electrolyte
Dry element is a source of electric current that is made from dry materials that cannot be refilled (disposable). This element is a primary element. Examples of dry elements include, stone batteries and silver oxide batteries (batteries for watches). Materials for positive poles are used carbon rods, and for negative poles are used zinc plates.
b. Secondary Element
The secondary element is an electric current source that does not require the replacement of reagents (elements) after the current source is used up. This source can be reused after being re-energized (recharged or electrocuted).
Examples of secondary elements are accumulators (batteries). An accumulator is a power source that can produce a direct current voltage (DC). The working principle of the aumulator is based on chemical processes.
Simply stated, the working principle of the accumulator can be explained as follows.
Usage, When the accumulator is used, there is a release of energy from the accumulator to the lamp. In this event, an electric current flows from the positive pole to the negative pole plate. After the accumulator is used for a while, the negative and positive polar plates will be coated with sulfate. This causes the potential difference between the two poles to be the same and the two poles to be neutral.
Charging, After the two poles are neutral and the current does not flow, we must shock the battery so that it can be reused. When the battery is stunned, the direction of the current is opposite to when it was used, from the negative to the positive pole.
All sources of electricity that can generate a constant current of electricity at a particular time and direction are called one-way power sources. The current source of electricity is divided into four types.
1. Electrochemical Elements
The electrochemical element is the source of the current flow from the chemical process. In this element there is a transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrochemical element can be distinguished by its length of use as follows.
a. Primary Element
Primary elements are direct current power sources that require replacement of materials after use. Examples of primary elements are as follows:
The voltaic element is a kind of ancient battery created by Alesandro Volta .. The voltaic element is still applied today. Although the shape has been modified. The voltaic element consists of 2 electrodes of different metals which are dipped in an acidic liquid or a salt solution. In ancient times, acid or salt liquid in the form of cloth dipped in a salt / acid solution.
The inventor of the daniel element is John Frederic Daniell. The Daniell element is an element whose electromotive force is rather prolonged due to a depolarisator. Depolarisator is a substance that can inhibit the polarization of hydrogen gas. The depolarisator in this element is a copper (sulfate) solution.
There are two types of Leclanche elements, namely dry and wet elements, consisting of two glass vessels containing:
carbon sticks as a positive pole (anode)
zinc rod as negative pole (cathode)
Batu kawi as depolarisator
ammonium chloride solution as an electrolyte
Dry element is a source of electric current that is made from dry materials that cannot be refilled (disposable). This element is a primary element. Examples of dry elements include, stone batteries and silver oxide batteries (batteries for watches). Materials for positive poles are used carbon rods, and for negative poles are used zinc plates.
b. Secondary Element
The secondary element is an electric current source that does not require the replacement of reagents (elements) after the current source is used up. This source can be reused after being re-energized (recharged or electrocuted).
Examples of secondary elements are accumulators (batteries). An accumulator is a power source that can produce a direct current voltage (DC). The working principle of the aumulator is based on chemical processes.
Simply stated, the working principle of the accumulator can be explained as follows.
Usage, When the accumulator is used, there is a release of energy from the accumulator to the lamp. In this event, an electric current flows from the positive pole to the negative pole plate. After the accumulator is used for a while, the negative and positive polar plates will be coated with sulfate. This causes the potential difference between the two poles to be the same and the two poles to be neutral.
Charging, After the two poles are neutral and the current does not flow, we must shock the battery so that it can be reused. When the battery is stunned, the direction of the current is opposite to when it was used, from the negative to the positive pole.
Simple Electrical Circuit
Simple Electrical Circuit
Image Ohm's Law
Kirchoff's Law
The application of law is only used for analysis of simple sequences. To analyze a complex circuit you can use the kirchoff law of currents (Kirchoff's Current Law, abbreviated as KCL) and kirchoff's law of voltage (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, abbreviated as KVL)
Kirchoff's Law 1 is Kirchoff's Law of Currents (KCL).
The total algebraic current flowing to the branching point is zero. The branching point is the meeting point of three or more currents to- or from a circuit element or voltage source.
In this law, an agreement is used that flows to the branching point are written with positive signs and those that do not go to (leaving branching points are written with negative signs.
I1 + I2 + I4 = I3, or
I1 + I2 - I3 + I4 = 0
Kirchoff's Legal Branch Point 1
Figure 9 above explains the meaning of KCL, where the value of the electric current through each prisoner can be determined. The definition obtained by the total value of the current flowing at a branching point is zero.
Kirchoff Law 2, Kirchoff Law on Voltage (KVL)
The sum of the total algebraic voltages in a closed loop read in one particular direction is equal to zero.
What is meant by the reduction of the tension in the law in relation to one particular direction is as follows:
Load network
a.For the element of detention
When the voltage is read from + to -, with the same read direction as the direction of flow I, then the value of V = RI is the voltage drop. To understand it give a positive sign (+) on V and a positive sign (+) on RI. Whereas when reading voltage is opposite direction
please provide a (-) V or (-) RI.
Battery Network
b. For voltage sources
If the read direction is from a to b, then it is a voltage drop that gives a positive sign to V. Or in other words, when following the + read direction from the voltage source, write a positive V. Instead of the reading of the poles - the voltage source is V with a negative sign.
Kirchoff's Law application series
Generally an electrical network consists of several loops and decoupling points with one or more voltage sources used. Once the value of a voltage source is known, then the quantity to be analyzed is the current value of each transmitter that enters or leaves the deviation point or voltage value of each detector of the network. the number of equations used to analyze a scale is not yet known, and the number must be as large as the number to determine its value.
Note to note:
The number of KCL equations that can be presented is equal to the number of subtraction points available.
The number of KVL equations is the same as the number of independent loops. A loop is said to be independent when it cannot be declared from another KVL loop equation.
Apart from the above, solving using a simplified series of series or parallel sections will be very helpful.
Image Ohm's Law
Kirchoff's Law
The application of law is only used for analysis of simple sequences. To analyze a complex circuit you can use the kirchoff law of currents (Kirchoff's Current Law, abbreviated as KCL) and kirchoff's law of voltage (Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, abbreviated as KVL)
Kirchoff's Law 1 is Kirchoff's Law of Currents (KCL).
The total algebraic current flowing to the branching point is zero. The branching point is the meeting point of three or more currents to- or from a circuit element or voltage source.
In this law, an agreement is used that flows to the branching point are written with positive signs and those that do not go to (leaving branching points are written with negative signs.
I1 + I2 + I4 = I3, or
I1 + I2 - I3 + I4 = 0
Kirchoff's Legal Branch Point 1
Figure 9 above explains the meaning of KCL, where the value of the electric current through each prisoner can be determined. The definition obtained by the total value of the current flowing at a branching point is zero.
Kirchoff Law 2, Kirchoff Law on Voltage (KVL)
The sum of the total algebraic voltages in a closed loop read in one particular direction is equal to zero.
What is meant by the reduction of the tension in the law in relation to one particular direction is as follows:
Load network
a.For the element of detention
When the voltage is read from + to -, with the same read direction as the direction of flow I, then the value of V = RI is the voltage drop. To understand it give a positive sign (+) on V and a positive sign (+) on RI. Whereas when reading voltage is opposite direction
please provide a (-) V or (-) RI.
Battery Network
b. For voltage sources
If the read direction is from a to b, then it is a voltage drop that gives a positive sign to V. Or in other words, when following the + read direction from the voltage source, write a positive V. Instead of the reading of the poles - the voltage source is V with a negative sign.
Kirchoff's Law application series
Generally an electrical network consists of several loops and decoupling points with one or more voltage sources used. Once the value of a voltage source is known, then the quantity to be analyzed is the current value of each transmitter that enters or leaves the deviation point or voltage value of each detector of the network. the number of equations used to analyze a scale is not yet known, and the number must be as large as the number to determine its value.
Note to note:
The number of KCL equations that can be presented is equal to the number of subtraction points available.
The number of KVL equations is the same as the number of independent loops. A loop is said to be independent when it cannot be declared from another KVL loop equation.
Apart from the above, solving using a simplified series of series or parallel sections will be very helpful.
The Use of Electrical Potential
The Use of Electrical Potential
Faraday's Law
The direction of the electric field at several points can be illustrated graphically using force lines (imaginary). This basic concept was put forward by Michael Faraday who said:
A line of force in an electric field is a
lines of force are drawn when tangents at each point indicate the direction of the electric field at that point.
Force line direction
The line of force goes out from the positive charge and into the negative force. To show the directions of the force lines an experiment can be carried out as follows:
The strength of the electric field at a point in space is proportional to the number of lines of force per unit surface area that is perpendicular to the electric field at that point. It can be concluded that the strength of the electric field will feel strong if the distance between the two charges is close together, so that the resulting line of force is very tight. Conversely, if the two charges are far apart, the strong electric field that is formed will be weak.
The use of electrical potential can be connected with
the concept of electric fields, the basics of electrical circuits, as well as practical problems associated with electrical devices. To explain
the definition and nature of two points with potential difference that lie in an electric field as potential differences between the two points.
The potential difference between two points is the work done per unit charge if the charge is moved. In SI units, the unit of difference in electric potential is Volts (abbreviated V), with 1 volt =
1 joule / coulomb. Electrical potential can be defined as a form of comparison of electrical energy with the charge of the point.
Oersted Law
If an electric charge flows through a conductor conducting wire, then a magnetic effect will occur around the flowing rose. This magnetic effect is capable of attracting other magnetic materials. If iron powder is placed around the wire, the iron powder will be routed regularly.
Hans Christian Oersted, in 1820, conducted research
about the effect of the magnetic field around the wire. The composition of the Oersted experiment is arranged as shown below.
Oersted trial
The current with the wire will cause the needle to move in the compass. The conclusion that can be drawn is that in the conductive wire through which an electric current around it will emerge a line of magnetic force.
Like the earth that has a magnetic field, the efficacy of a compass needle is very well known.
The terrain around the current wire
Surrounding the permanent magnetic field or current wire is a magnetic field. The vector in the magnetic field is represented by B or is called the induction of the magnetic field. In SI, the magnetic induction unit B is Tesla.
Direct Current Circuits
Ohm's Law
If the potential difference at the end of the wire can be kept constant, it will cause the flow of electric charge or what is called the flow of electric current. The definition of electric current (I) is the amount of electric charge (Q) which is nuclear in the conductor of each unit
time (t). So 1 Ampere is equal to 1 coulomb per second
Unidirectional Electric Circuit Formula
If the flow of charge that flows is not fixed with time,
then the instantaneous current can be calculated as:
Unidirectional Electric Circuit Formula 2
Faraday's Law
The direction of the electric field at several points can be illustrated graphically using force lines (imaginary). This basic concept was put forward by Michael Faraday who said:
A line of force in an electric field is a
lines of force are drawn when tangents at each point indicate the direction of the electric field at that point.
Force line direction
The line of force goes out from the positive charge and into the negative force. To show the directions of the force lines an experiment can be carried out as follows:
The strength of the electric field at a point in space is proportional to the number of lines of force per unit surface area that is perpendicular to the electric field at that point. It can be concluded that the strength of the electric field will feel strong if the distance between the two charges is close together, so that the resulting line of force is very tight. Conversely, if the two charges are far apart, the strong electric field that is formed will be weak.
The use of electrical potential can be connected with
the concept of electric fields, the basics of electrical circuits, as well as practical problems associated with electrical devices. To explain
the definition and nature of two points with potential difference that lie in an electric field as potential differences between the two points.
The potential difference between two points is the work done per unit charge if the charge is moved. In SI units, the unit of difference in electric potential is Volts (abbreviated V), with 1 volt =
1 joule / coulomb. Electrical potential can be defined as a form of comparison of electrical energy with the charge of the point.
Oersted Law
If an electric charge flows through a conductor conducting wire, then a magnetic effect will occur around the flowing rose. This magnetic effect is capable of attracting other magnetic materials. If iron powder is placed around the wire, the iron powder will be routed regularly.
Hans Christian Oersted, in 1820, conducted research
about the effect of the magnetic field around the wire. The composition of the Oersted experiment is arranged as shown below.
Oersted trial
The current with the wire will cause the needle to move in the compass. The conclusion that can be drawn is that in the conductive wire through which an electric current around it will emerge a line of magnetic force.
Like the earth that has a magnetic field, the efficacy of a compass needle is very well known.
The terrain around the current wire
Surrounding the permanent magnetic field or current wire is a magnetic field. The vector in the magnetic field is represented by B or is called the induction of the magnetic field. In SI, the magnetic induction unit B is Tesla.
Direct Current Circuits
Ohm's Law
If the potential difference at the end of the wire can be kept constant, it will cause the flow of electric charge or what is called the flow of electric current. The definition of electric current (I) is the amount of electric charge (Q) which is nuclear in the conductor of each unit
time (t). So 1 Ampere is equal to 1 coulomb per second
Unidirectional Electric Circuit Formula
If the flow of charge that flows is not fixed with time,
then the instantaneous current can be calculated as:
Unidirectional Electric Circuit Formula 2
The Nature of Convex Lens
The Nature of Convex Lens
1. Objects are located between O and F
A′B ′ = virtual shadow in front of the lens
F1 = focus behind the lens
F2 = focus in front of the lens Shadow image: virtual, upright, enlarged
2. Objects are located between F2 and 2F2
The A′B shadow is: real, inverted, enlarged3.
3. Items between F2 to ~
Shadow A′B bersifat, is: real, inverted, reduced.
From the three paintings:
If the object is located between O and F, the nature of the virtual image, upright, in the area.
If the object is located between F and 2F the nature of the image is real, inverted, enlarged.
If s = f the image is erect, virtual, at infinity
If s = 2 f, the shadow is reversed, real, equal
If s> 2f, the real image, inverted, is reduced
Shadow enlarged | s ′ | > s, the shadow is reduced if | s ′ | <s. (Note: | –5 | = 5 or | 5 | = 5)
4. Objects located in focus at (F)
Objects are in focus at (F) Objects in focus (s = f), easily observable shadows are: virtual, upright, enlarged.
5. Objects are located at 2 F (s = 2f)
Objects located at 2 F (s = 2f) Real, inverted, equal shadows
Objects in 2F2, shadows 2F1 are: real, inverted, equal.
From the five paintings it can be concluded:
All virtual shadows formed by convex lenses are always upright against the object.
All real images formed by convex lenses must be inverted to the object.
Relationship between s, s ′ and f Convex Lens
Observation or practicum uses convex lenses, candles.
Observation using a convex lens with:
f = 20 cm.
s = object distance
s ′ = shadow distance
By moving the screen away from or approaching the screen if s> 20, you will get a sharp shadow on the screen. Usually observations or practicums such as the state of distance between objects and shadow distance are written into the table. Then the shadow distance and object distance are changed and measured when the shadow on the screen is clear enough.
The results are as in the table below
Convex Lens Formula
Formula for finding convex lens focus:
Information:
nu is the refractive index of air or water
R1 and R2 are the curvature of the convex lens
The formula for finding the shadow distance on a convex lens:
1 / f = 1 / s + 1 / s ’
Information:
f = convex lens focus
s = object distance
s ’= shadow distance
The nature of the image formed by the convex lens is real, inverted and enlarged.
Zoom in convex lens (M)
M = S '/ S or M = h' / h or can be with the formula M = f / (s-f)
Benefits and Uses of Convex Lenses in Daily Life
For people who cannot read within a normal distance of 25 or people who suffer from nearsightedness (myopia) can be helped with convex-lensed glasses to be able to read within 25 cm or see normally.
To observe celestial bodies to make them look clearer and closer to astronomers, use binoculars two convex lenses
Biologists or laboratory workers observe bacteria, etc. using a microscope that uses a convex lens.
Convex lens used on magnifying magnifying glass. For example a clock servicer who uses a magnifying glass to observe a small clock component.
Convex lenses are also used on periscopes, slide projectors, episcopes, cinema projectors etc.
1. Objects are located between O and F
A′B ′ = virtual shadow in front of the lens
F1 = focus behind the lens
F2 = focus in front of the lens Shadow image: virtual, upright, enlarged
2. Objects are located between F2 and 2F2
The A′B shadow is: real, inverted, enlarged3.
3. Items between F2 to ~
Shadow A′B bersifat, is: real, inverted, reduced.
From the three paintings:
If the object is located between O and F, the nature of the virtual image, upright, in the area.
If the object is located between F and 2F the nature of the image is real, inverted, enlarged.
If s = f the image is erect, virtual, at infinity
If s = 2 f, the shadow is reversed, real, equal
If s> 2f, the real image, inverted, is reduced
Shadow enlarged | s ′ | > s, the shadow is reduced if | s ′ | <s. (Note: | –5 | = 5 or | 5 | = 5)
4. Objects located in focus at (F)
Objects are in focus at (F) Objects in focus (s = f), easily observable shadows are: virtual, upright, enlarged.
5. Objects are located at 2 F (s = 2f)
Objects located at 2 F (s = 2f) Real, inverted, equal shadows
Objects in 2F2, shadows 2F1 are: real, inverted, equal.
From the five paintings it can be concluded:
All virtual shadows formed by convex lenses are always upright against the object.
All real images formed by convex lenses must be inverted to the object.
Relationship between s, s ′ and f Convex Lens
Observation or practicum uses convex lenses, candles.
Observation using a convex lens with:
f = 20 cm.
s = object distance
s ′ = shadow distance
By moving the screen away from or approaching the screen if s> 20, you will get a sharp shadow on the screen. Usually observations or practicums such as the state of distance between objects and shadow distance are written into the table. Then the shadow distance and object distance are changed and measured when the shadow on the screen is clear enough.
The results are as in the table below
Convex Lens Formula
Formula for finding convex lens focus:
Information:
nu is the refractive index of air or water
R1 and R2 are the curvature of the convex lens
The formula for finding the shadow distance on a convex lens:
1 / f = 1 / s + 1 / s ’
Information:
f = convex lens focus
s = object distance
s ’= shadow distance
The nature of the image formed by the convex lens is real, inverted and enlarged.
Zoom in convex lens (M)
M = S '/ S or M = h' / h or can be with the formula M = f / (s-f)
Benefits and Uses of Convex Lenses in Daily Life
For people who cannot read within a normal distance of 25 or people who suffer from nearsightedness (myopia) can be helped with convex-lensed glasses to be able to read within 25 cm or see normally.
To observe celestial bodies to make them look clearer and closer to astronomers, use binoculars two convex lenses
Biologists or laboratory workers observe bacteria, etc. using a microscope that uses a convex lens.
Convex lens used on magnifying magnifying glass. For example a clock servicer who uses a magnifying glass to observe a small clock component.
Convex lenses are also used on periscopes, slide projectors, episcopes, cinema projectors etc.
Definition and Types of Convex Lenses
Definition and Types of Convex Lenses
Convex Lens - Convex lenses are one type of lens that is widely used in human life. The use of convex lenses is generally used to magnify the effects of shadows on an object. Some objects that use convex lenses such as glasses, binoculars, projectors, etc.
Convex lens
In this article we will review about the Definition of Convex Lenses, Formulas, Types, Properties, and Special Rays of Convex Lenses.
Understanding Convex Lens
Convex lens is a lens in the middle which is thicker than the edges or bulging. Convex lenses are generally circular in shape and are made of glass or plastic so that they have a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the air. Convex lenses have the nature of a real image, inverted, and enlarged.
Convex Lens Type
Convex Lens: Definition, Formula, Type, Nature, and Special Light
Based on its shape, convex lenses can be divided into 3 types, namely:
Biconvex or double convex.
Plankonveks or flat convex.
Concave or convex concave.
Special ray Convex lens
In the picture above is a special ray on a convex lens:
Image a. Rays coming in parallel to the main axis will be refracted through the focal point (F1) behind the lens.
Figure b. Rays coming towards the focus point in front of the lens (F2) will be refracted along the main axis.
Image c. The light coming through the optical center of the lens (O) is continued, not refracted.
Convex Lens Properties
In a convex lens, light can come from two directions so that the convex lens has 2 focus points. The front convex lens is where the light comes in and the rear convex lens is where the light is refracted.
When the 3 rays come in parallel and are directed to the convex lens, the beam will be refracted by the lens and intersect or go to a point. The focal point located at the front of the convex lens is called the virtual focus point or passive focus (F2) and the focus point at the back of the convex lens is called the true focus point or active focus (F1).
Convex lens is convergent (collecting). Because the light that comes through the convex lens is always refracted to a point or gather light, the convex lens is called a converging (collecting) lens.
The convex lens focus distance is always positive because the intersecting spot or refractive ray destination is always located on the back of the convex lens so the convex lens focus is the true focus.
The amount of light refraction on a convex lens is affected by the refractive index of the lens material and the curve of the lens surface. While the refractive index itself depends on the speed of light propagation in the lens.
A thick convex lens will produce a greater light bias than a thin convex lens. In addition, a thick convex lens will also produce a shorter lens focal length than a convex lens that's simple.
Convex Lens - Convex lenses are one type of lens that is widely used in human life. The use of convex lenses is generally used to magnify the effects of shadows on an object. Some objects that use convex lenses such as glasses, binoculars, projectors, etc.
Convex lens
In this article we will review about the Definition of Convex Lenses, Formulas, Types, Properties, and Special Rays of Convex Lenses.
Understanding Convex Lens
Convex lens is a lens in the middle which is thicker than the edges or bulging. Convex lenses are generally circular in shape and are made of glass or plastic so that they have a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the air. Convex lenses have the nature of a real image, inverted, and enlarged.
Convex Lens Type
Convex Lens: Definition, Formula, Type, Nature, and Special Light
Based on its shape, convex lenses can be divided into 3 types, namely:
Biconvex or double convex.
Plankonveks or flat convex.
Concave or convex concave.
Special ray Convex lens
In the picture above is a special ray on a convex lens:
Image a. Rays coming in parallel to the main axis will be refracted through the focal point (F1) behind the lens.
Figure b. Rays coming towards the focus point in front of the lens (F2) will be refracted along the main axis.
Image c. The light coming through the optical center of the lens (O) is continued, not refracted.
Convex Lens Properties
In a convex lens, light can come from two directions so that the convex lens has 2 focus points. The front convex lens is where the light comes in and the rear convex lens is where the light is refracted.
When the 3 rays come in parallel and are directed to the convex lens, the beam will be refracted by the lens and intersect or go to a point. The focal point located at the front of the convex lens is called the virtual focus point or passive focus (F2) and the focus point at the back of the convex lens is called the true focus point or active focus (F1).
Convex lens is convergent (collecting). Because the light that comes through the convex lens is always refracted to a point or gather light, the convex lens is called a converging (collecting) lens.
The convex lens focus distance is always positive because the intersecting spot or refractive ray destination is always located on the back of the convex lens so the convex lens focus is the true focus.
The amount of light refraction on a convex lens is affected by the refractive index of the lens material and the curve of the lens surface. While the refractive index itself depends on the speed of light propagation in the lens.
A thick convex lens will produce a greater light bias than a thin convex lens. In addition, a thick convex lens will also produce a shorter lens focal length than a convex lens that's simple.
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